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    <li><a href="#相同类型的小部件">相同类型的小部件</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">Elements，Keys和Flutter的性能</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月9日
        </date>
        
        <div class="post-meta">
            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/Flutter'>Flutter</a></span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/dart'>dart</a></span>
            
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        <div class="post-meta">
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                    阅读</span></span>
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        <div class="post-content">
            <p>TL;DR：Widget<code>Keys</code>可以在您无法获得承诺的<em>60 FPS 的</em>地方提高我们的应用程序的性能。</p>
<p>一个 Element 是由 a 在内部创建的<code>Widget</code>。它的主要目的是知道小部件树中创建它的小部件的位置。</p>
<p><code>Elements</code>创建起来很昂贵，如果可能，它们应该被重用。这可以通过键(<code>ValueKeys</code>和<code>GlobalKeys</code>)来实现。</p>
<h1 id="元素的生命周期">元素的生命周期</h1>
<ul>
<li>Mount——它在元素第一次添加到树中时调用</li>
<li>Activate — 在激活之前停用的元素时调用</li>
<li>更新 —<code>RenderObject</code>用新数据更新</li>
<li>停用 - 当<code>Element</code>从<code>Widget</code>树中删除/移动时调用它。一个<code>Element</code>仍然可以被激活，如果在同一帧期间被移动，它有一个<code>GlobalKey</code></li>
<li>Unmount — 如果<code>Element</code>在 Frame 期间没有重新激活，它将被卸载并且不能再重复使用</li>
</ul>
<p>为了提高性能，我们需要尽可能频繁地使用 activate 和 update 并尽量避免触发卸载和挂载。</p>
<p><strong>重要提示</strong>：大多数情况下您不需要特殊优化，因为 Flutter 很快，当您想要修复可见的性能问题时，我建议使用以下方法。</p>
<h1 id="更改列行中的位置">更改列/行中的位置</h1>
<p>在第一个示例中，我们要更改红色<code>Container</code>和 的<code>Placeholder</code>显示顺序：</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/640/0*1x-blS3694EnQ9u2">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/640/0*1x-blS3694EnQ9u2" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/640/0*3bw04atclm5Kqvoe">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/640/0*3bw04atclm5Kqvoe" />
        </a>
    </p>
<pre><code>Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Column(
    children: [
      value
          ? const SizedBox()
          : const Placeholder(),
      GestureDetector(
        onTap: () {
          setState(() {
            value = !value;
          });
        },
        child: Container(
          width: 100,
          height: 100,
          color: Colors.red,
        ),
      ),
      !value
          ? const SizedBox()
          : const Placeholder(),
    ],
  );
}
</code></pre><p>当我们点击<code>GestureDetector</code> *[1]*时会发生这种情况：</p>
<pre><code>08:17:53.652: update Column
08:17:53.666: deactivate Placeholder
08:17:53.679: deactivate GestureDetector
08:17:53.679: deactivate Container
08:17:53.679: deactivate SizedBox
08:17:53.679: mount SizedBox
08:17:53.679: mount GestureDetector
08:17:53.679: mount Container
08:17:53.691: mount Placeholder
08:17:53.691: unmount SizedBox
08:17:53.698: unmount Placeholder
08:17:53.700: unmount Container
08:17:53.715: unmount GestureDetector
</code></pre><p>正如你所看到的，只有<code>Column</code>更新了，其余的项目首先被停用，新的<code>Elements</code>被安装，然后旧的被处理掉。</p>
<p>让我们看看重建那个元素需要多长时间——为此，我使用了<a href="https://flutter.io/docs/testing/debugging#dart-observatory-statement-level-single-stepping-debugger-and-profiler">天文台的</a>时间轴功能</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2594/1*0n5kOYjuVzjOLFl3N7K0bw.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2594/1*0n5kOYjuVzjOLFl3N7K0bw.png" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>在此图表上，您可以看到成对的时间线：</p>
<ul>
<li>挂载 <!-- raw HTML omitted --> — 例如<code>Mount Placeholder </code>— 这是挂载阶段用了多长时间</li>
<li><!-- raw HTML omitted -->——例如<code>Placeholder</code>——这是构建widget所用的时间</li>
</ul>
<p>平均而言，构建所有这些小部件需要 5.5 毫秒</p>
<h1 id="如何改善这一点">如何改善这一点？</h1>
<p>您可以通过将<code>ValueKey</code>s分配给正在卸载的根小部件来改进这一点：</p>
<pre><code>Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Column(
    children: [
      value
          ? const SizedBox(key: ValueKey('SizedBox'))
          : const Placeholder(key: ValueKey('Placeholder')),
      GestureDetector(
        key: ValueKey('GestureDetector'),
        onTap: () {
          setState(() {
            value = !value;
          });
        },
        child: Container(
          width: 100,
          height: 100,
          color: Colors.red,
        ),
      ),
      !value
          ? const SizedBox(key: ValueKey('SizedBox'))
          : const Placeholder(key: ValueKey('Placeholder')),
    ],
  );
}
</code></pre><p>现在我们有这个日志输出：</p>
<pre><code>08:21:37.576: update Column
08:21:37.594: update SizedBox-[&lt;’SizedBox’&gt;]
08:21:37.596: update GestureDetector-[&lt;’GestureDetector’&gt;]
08:21:37.611: update Container
08:21:37.619: update Placeholder-[&lt;’Placeholder’&gt;]
</code></pre><p>时间线输出如下所示：</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2308/0*EWfhMdHCYjwu_QSa">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2308/0*EWfhMdHCYjwu_QSa" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>在日志输出和时间线中，您都看不到任何安装。此外，Widget 的平均构建时间为 1.6 毫秒，而之前为 5.5 毫秒*[2]*。</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/0*Ciz3yyS7wY1lPopj">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/0*Ciz3yyS7wY1lPopj" />
        </a>
    </p>
<h1 id="更改小部件的父级">更改小部件的父级</h1>
<p>有时您想将您的 Widget 在屏幕上居中，但是当没有足够的空间时，您想将我们的 Widget 放在一个 a 中，<code>SingleChildScrollView</code>这样它就不会溢出。</p>
<p>在这些情况下，您需要更改您<code>Widget</code>在 Widget 树中的位置：</p>
<pre><code>Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  final inner = MaterialApp(
    home: Container(
      width: 100,
      height: 100,
      color: Colors.red,
    ),
  );
  return GestureDetector(
    onTap: () {
      setState(() {
        value = !value;
      });
    },
    child: value ? SizedBox(child: inner) : inner,
  );
}
</code></pre><p>在这个依赖于 的例子中<code>value</code>，我们<code>MaterialApp</code>用<code>SizedBox</code>小部件包围了一个非常复杂的小部件。</p>
<p>让我们看看日志输出*[1]*：</p>
<pre><code>09:41:43.325: update GestureDetector
09:41:43.348: deactivate MaterialApp
09:41:43.350: deactivate Container
09:41:43.352: mount SizedBox
09:41:43.352: mount MaterialApp
09:41:43.425: mount Container
09:41:43.450: unmount Container
09:41:43.476: unmount MaterialApp
</code></pre><p>平均构建时间为 67ms <em>[2]</em>。</p>
<h1 id="如何改善这一点-1">如何改善这一点？</h1>
<p>要重用<code>MaterialApp</code>小部件，我们需要为其分配一个<code>GlobalKey</code>(正常<code>ValueKey</code>是不够的)</p>
<pre><code>class _GlobalKeyWidgetState extends State&lt;GlobalKeyWidget&gt; {
  bool value = false;
  final global = GlobalKey();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final inner = MaterialApp(
      key: global,
      home: Container(
        width: 100,
        height: 100,
        color: Colors.red,
      ),
    );
    return GestureDetector(
      onTap: () {
        setState(() {
          value = !value;
        });
      },
      child: value ? SizedBox(child: inner) : inner,
    );
  }
}
</code></pre><p>时间轴中的日志输出如下：</p>
<pre><code>09:56:46.993: update GestureDetector
09:56:47.030: deactivate MaterialApp
09:56:47.060: deactivate Container
09:56:47.060: mount SizedBox
09:56:47.072: activate MaterialApp
09:56:47.095: activate Container
09:56:47.098: update MaterialApp
09:56:47.188: update Container
</code></pre><p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2528/0*7BRAsgdIANPWcITS">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2528/0*7BRAsgdIANPWcITS" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>再次在日志输出和时间线中，您没有看到挂载<code>MaterialApp</code>，仅<code>SizedBox</code>是新添加的。Widget 的平均构建时间为 25 毫秒，而之前为 67 毫秒*[2]。*</p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/0*wSL0WPiwIjnfEr06">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/0*wSL0WPiwIjnfEr06" />
        </a>
    </p>
<h1 id="what-about-slivers">What about Slivers?</h1>
<p>如何防止安装新的<code>Element</code>与重用现有的？</p>
<h2 id="相同类型的小部件">相同类型的小部件</h2>
<p>每当您更改列表中项目的顺序并且这些项目属于相同类型时，这些项目将被重用：</p>
<pre><code>Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Directionality(
    textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
    child: GestureDetector(
      onTap: () {
        setState(() {
          value = !value;
        });
      },
      child: ListView(
        children: &lt;Widget&gt;[
          value ? Placeholder(color: Colors.red) : Placeholder(),
          !value ? Placeholder(color: Colors.red) : Placeholder(),
        ],
      ),
    ),
  );
}
</code></pre><p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*3RmRSV6YYmmWBGBGed2eog.png?q=20">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/60/1*3RmRSV6YYmmWBGBGed2eog.png?q=20" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*3RmRSV6YYmmWBGBGed2eog.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*3RmRSV6YYmmWBGBGed2eog.png" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>无需额外安装</p>
<h2 id="不同类型的小部件">不同类型的小部件</h2>
<p>当您有不同类型的小部件并更改顺序时，将重新创建和安装<code>Elements</code>后面的小部件<code>Widgets</code>：</p>
<pre><code>Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Directionality(
    textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
    child: GestureDetector(
      onTap: () {
        setState(() {
          value = !value;
        });
      },
      child: ListView(
        children: &lt;Widget&gt;[
          value
              ? Placeholder(color: Colors.red)
              : Container(height: 100),
          !value
              ? Placeholder(color: Colors.red)
              : Container(height: 100),
        ],
      ),
    ),
  );
}
</code></pre><p>
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/1*NPrr2PNau3PMDUCbrNQcFQ.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/2000/1*NPrr2PNau3PMDUCbrNQcFQ.png" />
        </a>
    </p>
<p>不幸的是，使用<code>LocalKeys</code>不会解决这个问题。使用全局键可以解决这个问题，但正如我之前提到的，滥用<code>GlobalKeys</code>可能会导致其他问题。</p>
<p><em>谢谢</em></p>
<p><a href="https://medium.com/u/f55c86c87a86?source=post_page-----3ef15c90f607--------------------------------"><em>博美</em></a></p>
<p><em>指出这一点！</em></p>
<h1 id="结论">结论</h1>
<p>在大多数情况下，Flutter 的性能已经足够好，不需要微优化。另一方面，在某些情况下，我们需要做更多的工作才能让我们的应用程序以 60 FPS 的速度运行。</p>
<p>使用的缺点<code>ValueKeys</code>是它们<code>GlobalKey</code>会使我们的代码膨胀，如果我们复制它们，我们可能会出现一些错误。</p>
<p>负责任地使用 Keys 可以帮助您将应用程序的性能带到您想要的地方。</p>
<p>源代码可以在<a href="https://gist.github.com/tomaszpolanski/d0bbc49b6e3fb9faafecff4c4b20869f">这里</a>找到。</p>
<p>如果您想了解有关 Elements 的更多信息，请查看</p>
<p><a href="https://medium.com/u/aca5101434f?source=post_page-----3ef15c90f607--------------------------------">诺伯特</a></p>
<p>的<a href="https://medium.com/flutter-community/flutter-what-are-widgets-renderobjects-and-elements-630a57d05208">文章</a>。</p>
<p>[1] 为了简单起见，我从日志中删除了内部创建的元素的输出</p>
<p>[2] 这些测量是在模拟器上的调试版本上完成的——在发布版本中，在设备上，这些测量会小得多</p>

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        <li><strong>原文作者：</strong><a rel="author" href="https://luckly.work/">luckly</a></li>
        <li style="word-break:break-all"><strong>原文链接：</strong><a href="https://luckly.work/post/flutter_basic/ElementsKeys%E5%92%8CFlutter%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD/">https://luckly.work/post/flutter_basic/ElementsKeys%E5%92%8CFlutter%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD/</a></li>
        <li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本作品采用<a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议</a>进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。</li>
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<br/>



        

<div class="post-archive">
    <h2>See Also</h2>
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